Total Medical Imaging is the technology and process of mapping the inside of the body and visualizing the function of certain organs or tissues for clinical analysis and medical intervention (physiology). Medical imaging attempts to visualize internal structures hidden by skin and bones, and to diagnose and treat diseases. Medical imaging also creates a database of normal anatomy and physiology that helps detect abnormalities. Imaging of removed organs and tissues may be performed for medical reasons, but this procedure is generally considered part of the pathology and not medical imaging.

  Measurement and recording methods that are not primarily intended for imaging, such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and electrocardiography (ECG), are other methods that provide data suitable for display as parametric graphs or maps. , containing data as a function of time. Technology. As a comparison, limited to the measurement site, this technique can be seen as a form of medical imaging in other areas. 

Medical imaging is often understood as a set of technologies that provide non-invasive images of the internal organs of the body. In this limited sense, medical imaging can be thought of as solving mathematical inverse problems. This means that causes (characteristics of biological tissue) are derived from effects (observed signals). In medical ultrasound, a transducer consists of ultrasonic pressure and echo waves that travel through tissues to reveal their internal structures. In projectional radiography, the sensor uses x-rays that are absorbed to varying degrees by different tissue types, such as bone, muscle, and adipose tissue. The term “non-invasive” refers to a procedure that does not involve inserting instruments into the patient’s body, as is the case with most imaging procedures.

Types

Radiography

There are two forms of radiography used in medical imaging. Projectional radiography and fluoroscopy (the latter) are useful for guiding catheters. Despite advances in 3D imaging, this 2D technique is still widely accepted due to its low cost, high resolution, and low radiation dose of 2D techniques depending on the application. This imaging test uses a wide beam of x-rays to create images and was the first imaging test available in modern medicine.

Fluoroscopy provides real-time images of the internal structures of the body, similar to radiography, but continuously delivering x-rays at a lower dose rate. Contrast agents such as barium, iodine, and air are used to visualize internal organs. Fluoroscopy is also used for image-guided procedures where continuous feedback is required during the procedure. An image receiver is needed to convert the radiation passing through the region of interest into an image. At first it was a fluorescent screen with an image intensifier (IU), a large vacuum tube coated with cesium iodide at the receiving end, and a mirror at the opposite end. Over time, the mirror was replaced by a television camera.

Projectional radiographs, more commonly known as radiographs, are often used to determine the type and extent of fractures, as well as to detect pathological changes in the lungs. It can also be used to visualize structures in the stomach and intestines using a radiopaque agent such as barium. This may help diagnose ulcers or some types of colon cancer.

Magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners, originally called “nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR) scanners”, use powerful magnets to polarize and excite hydrogen nuclei (that is, individual protons) of water molecules in human tissues. Generates spatially encoded detectable signals to create body images.[5] The MRI machine emits radio frequency (RF) pulses at the resonant frequency of the hydrogen atoms in the water molecule. A high-frequency antenna (“HF coil”) sends pulses to the part of the body being examined. RF pulses absorbed by the protons cause them to change direction relative to the main magnetic field. When the RF pulse is turned off, the protons “relax” and align with the main magnet, emitting radio waves in the process. This high frequency emission from hydrogen atoms in water is captured and reconstructed into an image. The resonant frequency of a rotating magnetic dipole (such as a proton) is called the Larmor frequency and is determined by the strength of the main magnetic field and the chemical environment of the nucleus of interest. MRI uses three electromagnetic fields. A very strong static magnetic field (typically 1.5 to 3 Tesla) polarizes the hydrogen nucleus, called the fundamental field. Gradient fields (often referred to simply as gradients), which can be modified for spatial and temporal variation (about 1 kHz) for spatial coding; and a spatially uniform radio frequency (RF) field for manipulating hydrogen nuclei to produce a measured signal collected by the RF antenna.

Nuclear medicine

Nuclear medicine includes the imaging and treatment of diseases and is also called molecular medicine or molecular imaging and treatment.[11] Nuclear medicine uses certain properties of isotopes and energetic particles released from radioactive materials to diagnose or treat various pathologies. Unlike the general concepts of anatomical radiology, nuclear medicine can evaluate physiology. This functional approach to medical evaluation has useful applications in many areas, especially in oncology, neurology, and cardiology.

Ultrasound

Medical ultrasound uses high-frequency broadband megahertz sound waves that bounce off tissues to varying degrees to create images (up to 3D). This is usually due to the shape of the fetus of the pregnant woman. However, the range of applications of ultrasound is much wider. Other important applications include long-term imaging of the abdomen, heart, chest, muscles, tendons, arteries, and veins. While it may provide less anatomical detail than techniques such as CT or MRI, there are a few that make it ideal for many situations, especially for examining the function of structures that move in real time, do not emit ionizing radiation, and can be held in place. , there are several advantages. In elastography. Ultrasound is also used as a popular research tool to collect raw data that can be provided through the ultrasound interface for tissue characterization and new imaging techniques.

Total Medical Imaging is the technology and process of mapping the inside of the body and visualizing the function of certain organs or tissues for clinical analysis and medical intervention (physiology). Medical imaging attempts to visualize internal structures hidden by skin and bones, and to diagnose and treat diseases. Medical imaging also creates a database of normal anatomy and physiology that helps detect abnormalities. Imaging of removed organs and tissues may be performed for medical reasons, but this procedure is generally considered part of the pathology and not medical imaging.

  Measurement and recording methods that are not primarily intended for imaging, such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and electrocardiography (ECG), are other methods that provide data suitable for display as parametric graphs or maps. , containing data as a function of time. Technology. As a comparison, limited to the measurement site, this technique can be seen as a form of medical imaging in other areas. 

Medical imaging is often understood as a set of technologies that provide non-invasive images of the internal organs of the body. In this limited sense, medical imaging can be thought of as solving mathematical inverse problems. This means that causes (characteristics of biological tissue) are derived from effects (observed signals). In medical ultrasound, a transducer consists of ultrasonic pressure and echo waves that travel through tissues to reveal their internal structures. In projectional radiography, the sensor uses x-rays that are absorbed to varying degrees by different tissue types, such as bone, muscle, and adipose tissue. The term “non-invasive” refers to a procedure that does not involve inserting instruments into the patient’s body, as is the case with most imaging procedures.

Types

Radiography

There are two forms of radiography used in medical imaging. Projectional radiography and fluoroscopy (the latter) are useful for guiding catheters. Despite advances in 3D imaging, this 2D technique is still widely accepted due to its low cost, high resolution, and low radiation dose of 2D techniques depending on the application. This imaging test uses a wide beam of x-rays to create images and was the first imaging test available in modern medicine.

Fluoroscopy provides real-time images of the internal structures of the body, similar to radiography, but continuously delivering x-rays at a lower dose rate. Contrast agents such as barium, iodine, and air are used to visualize internal organs. Fluoroscopy is also used for image-guided procedures where continuous feedback is required during the procedure. An image receiver is needed to convert the radiation passing through the region of interest into an image. At first it was a fluorescent screen with an image intensifier (IU), a large vacuum tube coated with cesium iodide at the receiving end, and a mirror at the opposite end. Over time, the mirror was replaced by a television camera.

Projectional radiographs, more commonly known as radiographs, are often used to determine the type and extent of fractures, as well as to detect pathological changes in the lungs. It can also be used to visualize structures in the stomach and intestines using a radiopaque agent such as barium. This may help diagnose ulcers or some types of colon cancer.

Magnetic resonance imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners, originally called “nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMR) scanners”, use powerful magnets to polarize and excite hydrogen nuclei (that is, individual protons) of water molecules in human tissues. Generates spatially encoded detectable signals to create body images.[5] The MRI machine emits radio frequency (RF) pulses at the resonant frequency of the hydrogen atoms in the water molecule. A high-frequency antenna (“HF coil”) sends pulses to the part of the body being examined. RF pulses absorbed by the protons cause them to change direction relative to the main magnetic field. When the RF pulse is turned off, the protons “relax” and align with the main magnet, emitting radio waves in the process. This high frequency emission from hydrogen atoms in water is captured and reconstructed into an image. The resonant frequency of a rotating magnetic dipole (such as a proton) is called the Larmor frequency and is determined by the strength of the main magnetic field and the chemical environment of the nucleus of interest. MRI uses three electromagnetic fields. A very strong static magnetic field (typically 1.5 to 3 Tesla) polarizes the hydrogen nucleus, called the fundamental field. Gradient fields (often referred to simply as gradients), which can be modified for spatial and temporal variation (about 1 kHz) for spatial coding; and a spatially uniform radio frequency (RF) field for manipulating hydrogen nuclei to produce a measured signal collected by the RF antenna.

Nuclear medicine

Nuclear medicine includes the imaging and treatment of diseases and is also called molecular medicine or molecular imaging and treatment.[11] Nuclear medicine uses certain properties of isotopes and energetic particles released from radioactive materials to diagnose or treat various pathologies. Unlike the general concepts of anatomical radiology, nuclear medicine can evaluate physiology. This functional approach to medical evaluation has useful applications in many areas, especially in oncology, neurology, and cardiology.

Ultrasound

Medical ultrasound uses high-frequency broadband megahertz sound waves that bounce off tissues to varying degrees to create images (up to 3D). This is usually due to the shape of the fetus of the pregnant woman. However, the range of applications of ultrasound is much wider. Other important applications include long-term imaging of the abdomen, heart, chest, muscles, tendons, arteries, and veins. While it may provide less anatomical detail than techniques such as CT or MRI, there are a few that make it ideal for many situations, especially for examining the function of structures that move in real time, do not emit ionizing radiation, and can be held in place. , there are several advantages. In elastography. Ultrasound is also used as a popular research tool to collect raw data that can be provided through the ultrasound interface for tissue characterization and new imaging techniques.